Last update:
   24-Jan-2024
 

Arch Hellen Med, 41(1), January-February 2024, 62-69

ORIGINAL PAPER

Prevalence and clinical significance of gastrointestinal manifestations in COVID-19

Supriono,1 S. Mustika,1 B.P. Wibowo,1 T.W.I. Dantara,2 A.L. Hakim,2 R.B. Wattimury2
1Gastroenterohepatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang
2Department of Internal Medicine, Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia

OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal manifestations in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to show the identification of potential connections between gastrointestinal manifestations and outcomes.

METHOD This was a retrospective single-centre cohort study, enrolling 205 COVID-19 patients at Saiful Anwar Genera Hospital in Malang, Indonesia, from October 2020 to February 2021. All patients were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). Demographics and clinical characteristics, laboratory data, and clinical outcomes were analyzed.

RESULTS Among 205 patients, 163 patients (79.5%) had gastrointestinal manifestations, including 145 (89.0%) nausea and vomiting, 132 (81.0%) hyporexia/ anorexia, 48 (29.4%) abdominal pain, 38 (23.3%) diarrhea, 13 (8.0%) dysphagia, 12 (7.4%) hematemesis/melena, and 4 (2.5%) constipation. In our findings, we revealed that patients with gastrointestinal manifestations were significantly associated with higher body mass index, a longer length of stay, decreased albumin level and increased several parameters, including fibrinogens, D-Dimer, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, random blood glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, ferritin, C-reactive protein, and lactate acid compared to those without gastrointestinal manifestations. Gastrointestinal manifestation in COVID-19 patients was associated with severe/critical degree (odds ratio [OR]: 4.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.52–10.97; p=0.00) of COVID-19, intensive care unit (ICU) admission (OR: 4.23; 95% CI: 1.24–14.43), and in-hospital mortality (OR: 4.51; 95% CI: 1.41–16.35; p=0.01).

CONCLUSIONS Gastrointestinal manifestations are frequent in COVID-19 patients and associated with an increased hypercoagulable and inflammatory marker, longer length of stay, severe and critical degree of COVID-19, ICU admission, and in-hospital mortality.

CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of moderate or high anxiety and depression levels in CAD patients was high and HRQoL was affected. Anxiety and depression were both significantly and negatively correlated with HRQoL.

Key words: Clinical outcome, COVID-19, COVID-19 disease severity, Gastrointestinal manifestation, Mortality.

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